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Review
. 2020 May 25:2020:9470102.
doi: 10.1155/2020/9470102. eCollection 2020.

The Evolution of Dendritic Cell Immunotherapy against HIV-1 Infection: Improvements and Outlook

Hager Mohamed  1 , Vandana Miller  1 , Stephen R Jennings  1 , Brian Wigdahl  1 , Fred C Krebs  1
Affiliations
Review

The Evolution of Dendritic Cell Immunotherapy against HIV-1 Infection: Improvements and Outlook

Hager Mohamed et al. J Immunol Res. .

Abstract

Dendritic cells (DC) are key phagocytic cells that play crucial roles in both the innate and adaptive immune responses against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). By processing and presenting pathogen-derived antigens, dendritic cells initiate a directed response against infected cells. They activate the adaptive immune system upon recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on infected cells. During the course of HIV-1 infection, a successful adaptive (cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell) response is necessary for preventing the progression and spread of infection in a variety of cells. Dendritic cells have thus been recognized as a valuable tool in the development of immunotherapeutic approaches and vaccines effective against HIV-1. The advancements in dendritic cell vaccines in cancers have paved the way for applications of this form of immunotherapy to HIV-1 infection. Clinical trials with patients infected with HIV-1 who are well-suppressed by antiretroviral therapy (ART) were recently performed to assess the efficacy of DC vaccines, with the goal of mounting an HIV-1 antigen-specific T-cell response, ideally to clear infection and eliminate the need for long-term ART. This review summarizes and compares methods and efficacies of a number of DC vaccine trials utilizing autologous dendritic cells loaded with HIV-1 antigens. The potential for advancement and novel strategies of improving efficacy of this type of immunotherapy is also discussed. VSports手机版.

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V体育官网入口 - Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this literature review.

"V体育安卓版" Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Autologous dendritic cell vaccines are prepared using the patient's own monocytes from PBMCs obtained through leukapheresis. The monocytes are stimulated in vitro with growth cytokines to induce differentiation into immature dendritic cells. The dendritic cells may then be loaded with HIV-1-derived antigen, commonly introduced via mRNA electroporation, after which they will become mature, antigen-presenting dendritic cells. They can then be formulated into a vaccine that is administered to the patient to elicit a T-cell response specific to the HIV-1 antigen and evoke an enhanced response against HIV-1-infected cells.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Timeline of the DC vaccine formulation design of the first clinical trials done for different studies. The DC vaccine design in these studies [, , , , , –57] varied greatly in antigen type and method of delivery to DCs. More recent clinical trials predominantly investigated DC vaccines electroporated with HIV-1 mRNA. The inclusion of additional immunogens in an effort to maximize efficacy of DC function has been common.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Summary of strategies currently being investigated for HIV-1 treatment. The design of a long-term HIV-1 treatment is generally focused on four approaches; reversing latency, inhibiting T-cell exhaustion markers, inhibiting viral protein function, and enhancing HIV-1 antigen recognition and immune regulation. Dendritic cell immunotherapy in the form of DC vaccines allows for a more unique approach to treating HIV-1 infection by specifically inducing better recognition by and activation of CTLs. Other therapies for HIV-1 infection can be combined to compensate for shortcomings of a single treatment option to provide optimal control of HIV-1 disease progression, viral resistance, and the spread of infection.
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