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. 2013:3:2191.
doi: 10.1038/srep02191.

V体育平台登录 - Modulation of post-antibiotic bacterial community reassembly and host response by Candida albicans

John R Erb Downward  1 , Nicole R Falkowski, Katie L Mason, Ryan Muraglia, Gary B Huffnagle
Affiliations

Modulation of post-antibiotic bacterial community reassembly and host response by Candida albicans (VSports注册入口)

John R Erb Downward et al. Sci Rep. 2013.

"V体育平台登录" Abstract

The introduction of Candida albicans into cefoperazone-treated mice results in changes in bacterial community reassembly. Our objective was to use high-throughput sequencing to characterize at much greater depth the specific changes in the bacterial microbiome. The colonization of C. albicans significantly altered bacterial community reassembly that was evident at multiple taxonomic levels of resolution. There were marked changes in the levels of Bacteriodetes and Lactobacillaceae. Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, the two most abundant bacterial families, did not change in relative proportions after antibiotics, but there were marked genera-level shifts within these two bacterial families VSports手机版. The microbiome shifts occurred in the absence of overt intestinal inflammation. Overall, these experiments demonstrate that the introduction of a single new microbe in numerically inferior numbers into the bacterial microbiome during a broad community disturbance has the potential to significantly alter the subsequent reassembly of the bacterial community as it recovers from that disturbance. .

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. The effect of C. albicans colonization on bacterial community structure.
C57BL/6 mice were treated with cefoperazone in their drinking water for one week (days -7 to 0), switched to sterile drinking water and then inoculated with C. albicans CHN1 by oral gavage at day 0. The groups of mice were then analyzed for bacterial microbiome changes and C. albicans colonization at days 7 and 21 (n = 8–12 mice per treatment per time point). Panels A and B demonstrate the growth of C. albicans from the ileum and cecum at day 7 and 21 (L.O.D. of 101.7). The inverse-Simpson diversity index was utilized to quantify the diversity of the cecal communities at day 7 and day 21 (panel C). Significance was tested using 1-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Rarefaction analysis was also employed to view what idealized collector's curve based on the data would look like at day 7 and day 21 (panel D). The mean curve of 8–10 rarefaction curves is displayed as a bold line and the dotted lines represent the standard error. Panel E is a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) plot of both day 7 and 21 normalized microbial composition data where the data has been constrained by treatment and time. To better visualize the group clusters, each data point is connected to its group centroid.
Figure 2
Figure 2. The response of the host to microbiota disturbance and C. albicans colonization.
(A) Panel A depicts a heatmap of gene expression in the ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes as determined by multiplex qPCR array. For gene identities see Table S1. Fold changes are depicted relative to the undisturbed state. Panels B–D depict genes in which a statistically significant difference occurred are displayed for each of the treatment groups (B) C. albicans alone, (C) disturbed microbiota, or (D) disturbed microbiota colonized with C. albicans. Significant differences in gene expression were determined using SAM (p < 0.05, false discovery rate set at zero (q = 0.00)) are displayed for each of the treatment groups) as described in Methods.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Photomicrograph of the ileum of mice in the treatment groups (Day 21).
Figure 3 displays Hematoxylin & Eosin stained histology of the small intestine from mice that were (A) Undisturbed (untreated), (B) C. albicans only, (C) disturbed microbiota (Cefoperazone only), or (D) disturbed microbiota colonized with C. albicans (disturbed plus C. albicans). Mice were treated as described in Fig. 1 and the manuscript text.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Phylum and family taxonomic membership of day 7 treatment groups.
OTUs were classified according to the RDP taxonomy and rank abundance graphs constructed for the phylum and family-level taxonomies. Panel A is the phylum-level classification for the day 7 undisturbed (red), undisturbed plus C. albicans (orange), disturbed (green) or disturbed plus C. albicans (blue) groups. Panels B–E are the family-level taxonomic distributions. X-axis ordering of the rank abundance graphs is based on the relative distribution in the undisturbed community. Data are mean ± SEM; n = 8–10 mice per group from 3 separate experiments.
Figure 5
Figure 5. Phylum and family taxonomic membership of day 21 treatment groups.
OTUs were classified according to the RDP taxonomy and rank abundance graphs constructed for the phylum and family-level taxonomies. Panel A is the phylum-level classification for the day 21 undisturbed (red), undisturbed plus C. albicans (orange), disturbed (green) or disturbed plus C. albicans (blue) groups. Panels B–E are the family-level taxonomic distributions. X-axis ordering of the rank abundance graphs is based on the relative distribution in the undisturbed community. The arrows in panels D and E highlight the Lactobacillaceae, which remain significantly reduced at day 21 following cefoperazone treatment. Data are mean ± SEM; n = 8–10 mice per group from 3 separate experiments.
Figure 6
Figure 6. Genus-level taxonomy of the five most abundant families (Day 7).
The top 5 most abundant families (Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Rikenellaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, and Incerte Sedis XIV, respectively) were further classified at a genus-level taxonomy (panels A–E). Data are mean; n = 8–10 mice per group pooled from 3 separate experiments.
Figure 7
Figure 7. Genus-level taxonomy of the five most abundant families (Day 7).
The top 5 most abundant families (Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Rikenellaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, and Incerte Sedis XIV, respectively) were further classified at a genus-level taxonomy (panels A–E). Data are mean; n = 8–10 mice per group pooled from 3 separate experiments.
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