Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The . gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in . gov or . mil VSports app下载. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. .

Https

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely V体育官网. .

Review
. 2018 Mar 21;6(1):52.
doi: 10.1186/s40168-018-0436-1.

VSports注册入口 - Microbial modulation of plant ethylene signaling: ecological and evolutionary consequences

Mohammadhossein Ravanbakhsh  1 , Rashmi Sasidharan  2 , Laurentius A C J Voesenek  2 , George A Kowalchuk  1 , Alexandre Jousset  3
Affiliations
Review

VSports在线直播 - Microbial modulation of plant ethylene signaling: ecological and evolutionary consequences

Mohammadhossein Ravanbakhsh et al. Microbiome. .

Abstract (VSports最新版本)

The plant hormone ethylene is one of the central regulators of plant development and stress resistance VSports手机版. Optimal ethylene signaling is essential for plant fitness and is under strong selection pressure. Plants upregulate ethylene production in response to stress, and this hormone triggers defense mechanisms. Due to the pleiotropic effects of ethylene, adjusting stress responses to maximize resistance, while minimizing costs, is a central determinant of plant fitness. Ethylene signaling is influenced by the plant-associated microbiome. We therefore argue that the regulation, physiology, and evolution of the ethylene signaling can best be viewed as the interactive result of plant genotype and associated microbiota. In this article, we summarize the current knowledge on ethylene signaling and recapitulate the multiple ways microorganisms interfere with it. We present ethylene signaling as a model system for holobiont-level evolution of plant phenotype: this cascade is tractable, extremely well studied from both a plant and a microbial perspective, and regulates fundamental components of plant life history. We finally discuss the potential impacts of ethylene modulation microorganisms on plant ecology and evolution. We assert that ethylene signaling cannot be fully appreciated without considering microbiota as integral regulatory actors, and we more generally suggest that plant ecophysiology and evolution can only be fully understood in the light of plant-microbiome interactions. .

Keywords: ACC deaminase; Ethylene; Evolution; Holobiont; Microbiome; Microbiota; Phenotype; Physiology; Plant. V体育安卓版.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

VSports注册入口 - Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Overview of the pathways linked to ethylene production (top panel), signal transduction (central panel), and response (bottom panel). Ethylene concentration determines plant resource allocation into growth, reproduction, and stress response [13]. The thick arrows show the main ethylene cascade, and the thin ones point to possible interaction with external and internal stimuli. We illustrate plant response with three well-investigated ethylene-dependent phenotypic adaptations. a Ethylene coordinates plant response against pathogens, such as hypersensitive response, preventing pathogen spread [20]. b Ethylene accumulation triggers escape strategy involving accelerated shoot growth in submerged plants, allowing them to regain atmospheric contact [82]. c Growth-reproduction tradeoffs: higher ethylene causes plants to invest more resources into seed production under harsh conditions that may compromise vegetative stage survival. SAM S-adenosylmethionine, ACC 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, ACS ACC synthase, ACO ACC oxidase, C2H4 plant hormone ethylene, CTR1 constitutive triple response 1, EIN2 ethylene-insensitive protein 2, EIN3 ethylene-insensitive protein 3, EIL1 ethylene insensitive 3-like 1 protein, ERFs ethylene response factors
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
A holobiont-level regulation of ethylene signaling and plant stress response. Ethylene pathway in plants (green area). ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) is synthesized from SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) by the action of ACC synthase enzyme (ACS). ACC is then converted to ethylene by the enzyme ACC oxidase (ACO), triggering different ethylene response factors (ERFs). Plant-associated microorganisms can alter virtually all steps of ethylene signaling. Some species can increase ethylene levels by producing ACC oxidase (microbial ethylene-forming enzyme), by inducing ACC synthase in plant or by affecting other plant hormones indirectly. They can also modulate ethylene response by producing plant hormones that interact with ethylene signaling [62, 83, 84]. Other microorganisms can also decrease ethylene production by cleaving its precursor ACC. White boxes show ethylene biosynthetic enzymes, green boxes show plant hormones and signals, and blue boxes show the molecules involved in the ethylene pathway. ABA abscisic acid, GA gibberellic acid, SA salicylic acid
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
a Potential consequences of evolution of an intertwined ethylene signaling involving both plant and microbiota. In ancestral plant phenotype, ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) is produced by the action of ACC synthase enzymes (ACS). ACC is then converted to ethylene by the enzyme ACC oxidase, triggering different ethylene response factors (ERFs). b Bacteria reduce the intensity of stress experienced by the plant. Plant reliance on the microbiome to reduce stressors may lead to a reduced ability of the plant to respond to the acute stressors. c, d Bacteria alter ACC and ethylene in plants, leading to over- or under-expression of ethylene pathway genes in plants. e, f Microorganisms integrate plant signals and trigger plant ethylene response factors (ERFs) or express their own ERFs, contributing to partial or complete loss of ethylene pathway in the plant. The dashed lines (for instance, between stressors and ACS and ethylene and ERFs) showed indirect connections. The size of each circle indicates relative levels of ACC synthase (ACS) activity, ACC, and ethylene production in response to stressors (S1–S4)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Bohnert H, Nelson D, Jensen R. Adaptations to environmental stresses. Plant Cell. 1995;7:1099–1111. doi: 10.1105/tpc.7.7.1099. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Huot B, Yao J, Montgomery BL, He SY. Growth–defense tradeoffs in plants: a balancing act to optimize fitness. Mol Plant. 2014;7:1267–1287. doi: 10.1093/mp/ssu049. - VSports手机版 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Denison RF. Evolutionary tradeoffs as opportunities to improve yield potential. Field Crops Res. 2015;182:3–8. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2015.04.004. - DOI
    1. Melotto M, Underwood W, Koczan J, Nomura K, He SY. Plant stomata function in innate immunity against bacterial invasion. Cell. 2006;126:969–980. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.054. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Araújo WL, Fernie AR, Nunes-Nesi A. Control of stomatal aperture. Plant Signal Behav. 2011;6:1305–1311. doi: 10.4161/psb.6.9.16425. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types (V体育官网)

MeSH terms

"V体育平台登录" Substances

LinkOut - more resources