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Review
. 2018 Feb 11;6(1):20.
doi: 10.3390/biomedicines6010020.

Immune Landscape of Breast Cancers

Divya Nagarajan  1 , Stephanie E B McArdle  2
Affiliations
Review

Immune Landscape of Breast Cancers

Divya Nagarajan et al. Biomedicines. .

"V体育ios版" Abstract

Breast cancer is a very heterogeneous disease, both at a molecular and a histological level VSports手机版. Five intrinsic subtypes were initially identified-Luminal-A, Luminal-B, HER2⁺, Triple negative/basal like (TNBC) and normal like-subsequently expanded to seven (Basal-like-1 and 2, mesenchymal, mesenchymal stem-like, luminal androgen receptor, immuno-modulatory and unstable). Although genetic and epigenetic changes are key pathogenic events, the immune system plays a substantial role in promoting progression and metastasis. This review will discuss the extent to which immune cells can be detected within the tumor microenvironment, as well as their prognostic role and relationship with the microbiome, with an emphasis on TNBC. .

Keywords: TNBC; breast cancer; chemotherapy; immune infiltrate; microbiome; microenvironment; prognosis. V体育安卓版.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

"VSports最新版本" Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Hypothetical model of the origin and differentiation of breast cancer subtypes. It is believed that mammary epithelial stem cells (MaSc) represent the common cells of origin for all subsequent subtypes. The mammary stem cells then give rise to bi-potential stem cell progenitors, from which luminal and basal progenitor cells originate. The intermediate steps are driven by tumor subtype-specific transforming events that are still unclear. It is thought that basal progenitors can differentiate into basal claudin-low Triple negative/basal like (TNBC) subtypes, while luminal progenitors are likely to differentiate into both basal-like and luminal cells.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Crosstalk between breast cancer cells and cells of the immune system. The diagram represents the interactions between the tumor and immune cells during pro- and anti-tumor immune responses.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Immune cell infiltrate in breast carcinomas and its associations with prognosis. This illustrates the importance of inducing an immunogenic cell death via the recruitment and/or activation of many immune cells leading to tumor eradication.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Factors influencing the immune surveillance in a breast cancer that can also impact the treatment outcome. This image shows that several non-biological and biological factors including host genetics and lifestyle factors can impact/affect the immuno-stimulatory and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment thereby controlling the pathological complete response to a therapy/treatment.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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