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. 2017 Apr 7;3(4):e1601721.
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1601721. eCollection 2017 Apr.

"VSports最新版本" Mandrills use olfaction to socially avoid parasitized conspecifics

Clémence Poirotte  1   2 , François Massol  3 , Anaïs Herbert  4 , Eric Willaume  5 , Pacelle M Bomo  5 , Peter M Kappeler  6 , Marie J E Charpentier  1   2
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Mandrills use olfaction to socially avoid parasitized conspecifics (VSports)

V体育官网入口 - Clémence Poirotte et al. Sci Adv. .

Abstract

The evolutionary transition from a solitary to a social lifestyle entails an elevated parasite cost because the social proximity associated with group living favors parasite transmission. Despite this cost, sociality is widespread in a large range of taxonomic groups. In this context, hosts would be expected to have evolved behavioral mechanisms to reduce the risk of parasite infection. Few empirical studies have focused on the influence of pathogen-mediated selection on the evolution of antiparasitic behavior in wild vertebrates. We report an adaptive functional relationship between parasitism and social behavior in mandrills, associated with evidence that they are able to gauge parasite status of their group members. Using long-term observations, controlled experiments, and chemical analyses, we show that (i) wild mandrills avoid grooming conspecifics infected with orofecally transmitted parasites; (ii) mandrills receive significantly more grooming after treatment that targets these parasites; (iii) parasitism influences the host's fecal odors; and (iv) mandrills selectively avoid fecal material from parasitized conspecifics. These behavioral adaptations reveal that selecting safe social partners may help primates to cope with parasite-mediated costs of sociality and that "behavioral immunity" plays a crucial role in the coevolutionary dynamics between hosts and their parasites. VSports手机版.

Keywords: anti-parasitic strategy; olfactory-guided mechanism; primate; social avoidance. V体育安卓版.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Effect of antiparasitic treatment on the frequency of grooming received.
Frequencies of grooming received were retrieved from a 6-week period extending from 3 weeks before treatment to 3 weeks after treatment. Each line represents one of the 16 deparasitized cases. Dotted gray lines with empty symbols represent individuals that received less grooming after than before treatment (n = 4). Solid blue lines with filled symbols represent individuals that received more grooming after than before treatment (n = 12). Of these 12 cases, the thick blue lines represent three individuals that received 10 times more grooming than represented in the figure (frequencies were divided by 10 to fit to the figure).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. Chemical similarity (mean ± SEM) between pairs of fecal samples with same or different protozoan statuses, for three protozoan taxa.
Gray bars represent the average chemical similarity across pairs of nonparasitized fecal samples (E. coli, n = 435; E. histolytica/dispar, n = 325; and B. coli, n = 105), blue bars represent pairs of two parasitized fecal samples (E. coli, n = 528; E. histolytica/dispar, n = 406; and B. coli, n = 946), and hatched bars represent pairs of fecal sample with different protozoan statuses (E. coli, n = 858; E. histolytica/dispar, n = 870; and B. coli, n = 660). Significant differences are indicated for two-by-two comparisons (Kruskal-Wallis test, ***P < 0.001 for all instances).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. Differences in time spent in proximity (<1 m) to non- or sparsely-parasitized samples versus highly-parasitized samples.
n = 30 behavioral tests. Each bar represents the time difference (in minutes) recorded during one test. Blue bars, subjects spent more time in proximity to the highly-parasitized fecal sample than to the non- or sparsely-parasitized fecal sample (n = 9); gray bars, subjects spent more time in proximity to the non- or sparsely-parasitized fecal sample than to the highly-parasitized fecal sample (n = 19). For two tests, subjects spent equal time near the two fecal samples.
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References

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