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Review
. 2013;5(5):471-9.
doi: 10.1159/000346707. Epub 2013 Feb 22.

Secretory versus degradative autophagy: unconventional secretion of inflammatory mediators (V体育安卓版)

Affiliations
Review

Secretory versus degradative autophagy: unconventional secretion of inflammatory mediators (V体育ios版)

Shanya Jiang et al. J Innate Immun. 2013.

Abstract

Autophagy (macroautophagy) is often defined as a degradative process and a tributary of the lysosomal pathway. In this context, autophagy carries out cytoplasmic quality control and nutritional functions by removing defunct or disused organelles, particulate targets and invading microbes, and by bulk digestion of the cytoplasm. However, recent studies indicate that autophagy surprisingly affects multiple secretory pathways. Autophagy participates in extracellular delivery of a number of cytosolic proteins that do not enter the conventional secretory pathway via the Golgi apparatus but are instead unconventionally secreted directly from the cytosol. In mammalian cells, a prototypical example of this manifestation of autophagy is the unconventional secretion of a major proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β. This review examines the concept of secretory autophagy and compares and contrasts the role of autophagy in the secretion of IL-1α and IL-1β. Although IL-1α and IL-1β have closely related extracellular inflammatory functions, they differ in intracellular activation, secretory mechanisms and how they are affected by autophagy VSports手机版. This example indicates that the role of autophagy in secretion is more complex, at least in mammalian cells, than the simplistic view that autophagosomes provide carriers for unconventional secretion of cytosolic proteins. .

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Protein secretion: conventional biosynthetic pathway versus unconventional secretion through secretory autophagy. The well-developed paradigm of conventional protein secretion through the ER, Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking (right arrow) versus the process (left arrow) of autophagy-dependent unconventional secretion of cytosolic proteins (secretory autophagy). The proteins destined for conventional secretion enter ER via signal peptides, whereas cytosolic proteins destined for secretory autophagy are sequestered into autophagosomes to be exported from the cell.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
GRASP domains and salient features. GRASP contains two PDZ domains, an internal protein sequence (‘internal ligand’) that binds to one of the PDZ domains allowing homo-oligomerization, N-terminal acylation that facilitates GRASP association with membranes, and a Ser-Pro-rich domain that is a substrate for phosphorylation by Ser/Thr kinases. Phosphorylation modulates GRASP interactions and the oligomerization state.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Hypothetical model and the proposed putative points of divergence between degradative and secretory autophagy. The steps are discussed in the text.

References (VSports最新版本)

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