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Review
. 2013 Jan;10(1):21-9.
doi: 10.1038/cmi.2012.44. Epub 2012 Oct 22.

Defining the nature of human γδ T cells: a biographical sketch of the highly empathetic

Shirin Kalyan  1 , Dieter Kabelitz
Affiliations
Review

"VSports手机版" Defining the nature of human γδ T cells: a biographical sketch of the highly empathetic

Shirin Kalyan et al. Cell Mol Immunol. 2013 Jan.

Abstract

The elusive task of defining the character of γδ T cells has been an evolving process for immunologists since stumbling upon their existence during the molecular characterization of the α and β T cell receptor genes of their better understood brethren. Defying the categorical rules used to distinctly characterize lymphocytes as either innate or adaptive in nature, γδ T cells inhabit a hybrid world of their own. At opposing ends of the simplified spectrum of modes of antigen recognition used by lymphocytes, natural killer and αβ T cells are particularly well equipped to respond to the 'missing self' and the 'dangerous non-self', respectively. However, between these two reductive extremes, we are chronically faced with the challenge of making peace with the 'safe non-self' and dealing with the inevitable 'distressed self', and it is within this more complex realm γδ T cells excel thanks to their highly empathetic nature. This review gives an overview of the latest insights revealing the unfolding story of human γδ T cells, providing a biographical sketch of these unique lymphocytes in an attempt to capture the essence of their fundamental nature and events that influence their life trajectory. What hangs in their balance is their nuanced ability to differentiate the friends from the foe and the pathological from the benign to help us adapt swiftly and efficiently to life's many stresses VSports手机版. .

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A simplified paradigm illustrating where in the continuum of immune protection and homeostasis γδ T cells fall in relation to innate NK cells and the adaptive αβ T cells. At the two extreme ends, NK and αβ T cells are particularly well equipped to respond to the ‘missing self' and the ‘dangerous non-self', respectively. Between these two extremes, we are chronically faced with the challenge of making peace with the ‘safe non-self' and dealing with the inevitable ‘distressed self', and it is within this more complex realm γδ T cells excel. It should be recognized that these different ‘selves' and the immune response(s) that they trigger exist in a continuum and are modulated by the context in which they are presented. Both NK and αβ T cells work with γδ T cells to fill in the gaps of this spectrum—with NK cells contributing to responding to the ‘distressed self' and αβ T cells having some regulatory training to temper the response to the ‘safe non-self'. NK, natural killer.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic diagram of the changes in the diversity of γδ T cell repertoire through development in humans. At birth, γδ T cells show high junctional diversity, which is generated through the addition of ‘P' (palindromic) and ‘N' (non-templated) nucleotides while combining the V-D-J segments of their TCR. Despite the limited variable genes available for γδ T cells, their potential for junctional diversity rivals that of αβ T cells. However, with age, the diversity that is observed at birth gets noticeably restricted, especially for the main pool of circulating γδ T cells, the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset, which are a minor population in cord blood but become the predominant subset in circulation by 1 year of life. TCR, T cell receptor.
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