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Review
. 2011 Aug;130(2):223-36.
doi: 10.1007/s00439-011-1008-7. Epub 2011 May 28.

Xist regulation and function explored

Daphne B Pontier  1 , Joost Gribnau
Affiliations
Review

Xist regulation and function explored

Daphne B Pontier (V体育2025版) et al. Hum Genet. 2011 Aug.

Abstract

X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a process in mammals that ensures equal transcript levels between males and females by genetic inactivation of one of the two X chromosomes in females. Central to XCI is the long non-coding RNA Xist, which is highly and specifically expressed from the inactive X chromosome. Xist covers the X chromosome in cis and triggers genetic silencing, but its working mechanism remains elusive. Here, we review current knowledge about Xist regulation, structure, function and conservation and speculate on possible mechanisms by which its action is restricted in cis. We also discuss dosage compensation mechanisms other than XCI and how knowledge from invertebrate species may help to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of mammalian XCI VSports手机版. .

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"VSports最新版本" Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Mammalian, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster dosage compensation. a Table comparing features of dosage compensation between the three species. Proteins indicated with an asterisk are not specific for dosage compensation and are also a part of other complexes or cellular processes. b–d Images showing X chromosome-wide localization of dosage compensation components. b Mouse differentiating ES cell; the inactive X chromosome is coated by Xist RNA (green; RNA FISH for Xist). c Both X chromosomes in a C. elegans embryonic hermaphrodite nucleus are bound by the dosage compensation complex (DCC) (green; DCC component DPY-27, courtesy of Te Wen Lo and Barbara J. Meyer). d Male Drosophila cell with polytene chromosomes, showing the DCC targeting the X chromosome in green (green; DCC component MSL2, courtesy of Ina Dahlsveen and Peter Becker)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Features of the X-inactivation center (Xic) and Xist in mouse. a Schematic overview of the location of the X inactivation center (Xic) on X (top panel) and the genes contained in this region (second panel). The third panel shows the overlapping transcripts Xist and Tsix. Tsix has two annotated promoters, the one downstream being the major promoter. The last panel is a schematic overview of the Xist transcript with repetitive domains indicated in yellow (b). Overview of the repetitive regions in Xist indicated in a
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Overview of regulators of Xist and XCI. Left activators and inhibitors act through the Xist/Tsix switch region to regulate initiation of XCI. Right XCI is established and maintained by a plethora of histone modifications, bound protein and protein complexes, and RNA specific for the Xi
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References

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