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Review
. 2006 Nov 25;333(7578):1114-7.
doi: 10.1136/bmj.39000.486701.68.

Folic acid, homocysteine, and cardiovascular disease: judging causality in the face of inconclusive trial evidence

David S Wald  1 , Nicholas J Wald, Joan K Morris, Malcolm Law
Affiliations
Review

Folic acid, homocysteine, and cardiovascular disease: judging causality in the face of inconclusive trial evidence

David S Wald et al. BMJ. .

"VSports手机版" Abstract

Increasing intake of folic acid would be a relatively cheap and simple way of reducing heart disease, if it works VSports手机版. Can we draw a definitive conclusion from the current evidence. .

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: ML, NJW, and DSW have interests in a combined pill (polypill) to simultaneously reduce four cardiovascular risk factors including homocysteine V体育安卓版. NJW and ML have patents (granted and pending) on the formulation of the polypill. .

Figures

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Fig 1 Dose-response relation between odds ratio of ischaemic heart disease and stroke and difference in homocysteine concentrations between TT and CC homozygotes
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Fig 2 Meta-analyses of the randomised trials of lowering homocysteine concentrations on ischaemic heart disease and stroke events. In some cases the relative risk estimates in the figure are not identical to those published in the original papers because they are based on coronary deaths and non-fatal myocardial infarction only, without including endpoints such as angioplasty and coronary artery bypass surgery
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References (VSports最新版本)

    1. Wald DS, Law M, Morris J. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysis. BMJ 2002;325:1202-6. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lewis SJ, Ebrahim S, Davey-Smith G. Meta-analysis of the MTHFR C to T polymorphism and coronary heart disease; does the totality of evidence support a causal role for homocysteine and the preventive potential of folate? BMJ 2005;331:1053-6. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Homocysteine Studies Collaboration. Homocysteine and the risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke. JAMA 2002;288:2015-22. - PubMed
    1. Mudd SH, Skovby F, Levy H, Pettigrew KD, Wilcken B, Pyeritz RE, et al. The natural history of homocystinuria due to cystathionine β synthase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet 1985;37:1-31. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kluijtmans LAJ, Boers GHD, Kraus JP, van den Heuvel LP, Cruysberg JR, Trijbels FJ, et al. The molecular basis of cystathionine β synthase deficiency in Dutch patients with homocystinuria: effect of SBS genotype on biochemical and clinical phenotype and on response to treatment. Am J Hum Genet 1999;65:59-67. - PMC - PubMed

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